350 eight years

renewal and all of our broadcast licenses have been renewed at the end of their respective periods. We expect all of our broadcast licenses to be renewed in the future and therefore, we consider our broadcast licenses to be indefinite-lived intangible assets. We are not aware of any legal, competitive, economic, or other factors that materially limit the useful life of our broadcast licenses.

We engaged Bond & Pecaro, an independent third-party appraisal and valuation firm, to assist us in determining the asset values associated with the acquisition of radio station in Miami, Florida, which was determined to be less than the purchase price. Based on our review and analysis, we recorded an impairment charge of $2.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

As a result of changes in macroeconomic conditions and media industry reforecasts, we performed an interim review of broadcast licenses for impairment at June 30, 2023. We updated our 2022 valuations for changes in the WACC and revenue forecasts as of the interim testing date. We performed an assessment of the amount by which the prior year estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value of the broadcast license and the market revenues as compared to the forecasted market revenue used in the prior year valuation under the income approach.

Impairment testing requires an estimate of the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets. We believe that these estimates of fair value are critical accounting estimates as the value is significant in relation to our total assets and the estimates incorporate variables and assumptions based on our experiences and judgment about our future operating performance. Fair value measurements use significant unobservable inputs that reflect our own assumptions about the estimates that market participants would use in measuring fair value, including assumptions about risk. If actual future results are less favorable than the assumptions and estimates used in our estimates, we are subject to future impairment charges, the amount of which may be material. The unobservable inputs are defined in FASB ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” as Level 3 inputs discussed in detail in Note 11 – Fair Value Measurements.

Based on our assessment, we engaged Bond & Pecaro, an independent third-party appraisal and valuation firm, to assist us with determining the enterprise value of 25 of our market clusters. The estimated fair value of each market cluster was determined using the Greenfield Method, a form of the income approach. The premise of the Greenfield Method is that the value of a broadcast license is equivalent to a hypothetical in which the only asset owned by the station as of the valuation date is the broadcast license. This approach eliminates factors that are unique to our operation of the station, including its format and historical financial performance. The method then assumes the entity has to purchase, build, or rent all of the other assets needed to operate a comparable station to the one in which the broadcast license is being utilized as of the valuation date. Cash flows are estimated and netted against all costs, expenses and investments necessary to achieve a normalized and mature state of operations, thus reflecting only the cash flows directly attributable to the broadcast license. A multi-year discounted cash flow approach is then used to determine the net present value of these cash flows to derive an indication of fair value. For cash flows beyond the projection period, a terminal value is calculated using the Gordon constant growth model and long-term industry growth rate assumptions based on long-term industry growth and Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) inflation rates.

The assumptions used reflect those of a hypothetical market participant and not necessarily the actual or projected results of Salem. The key estimates and assumptions used in the income valuation for our broadcast licenses were as follows:

The risk-adjusted discount rate reflects the WACC developed based on data from same or similar industry participants and publicly available market data as of the measurement date.

on our review and analysis, we determined that the carrying value of broadcast licenses in twoof our market clusters were impaired as of the interim testing period ending June 30, 2023. We recorded an impairment charge of $1.1 million to the value of broadcast licenses in Portland and San Francisco. The impairment charges were driven by decreases in revenue growth rates over those used in the valuation forecasts. We believe that these factors are indicative of trends in the industry as a whole and not unique to our company or operations.